ENGLISH BEER

English beer has a long history, and quite distinct traditions of most other countries the brewing of beer (see beer and nationality).

Exceptionally, England is one of very few countries (with Ireland, Scotland and Wales), where beers, beers brewed by fermentation rather than hot blondes, remained dominant among beers. In addition cask-conditioned beer bottle rather than the beer is still normal, with beer finishing its maturation in casks in the cellar of the pub rather than the brewery.

The types of beer English

Some traditional types of beer include:

Bitter *
* Slight
* Stout
* Porter
* India Pale Ale
* Brown Ale
* Old Ale

warm beer

A common stereotype of English (and indeed most imbibers British beer) relates to their love of "warm beer". In reality, English beer is usually served at cellar temperature (between 10-14 ° C), which is often carefully controlled in a modern time of publication, although the temperature can naturally vary with the seasons. Proponents of the British beer say that based on subtle flavours than other nations, and these are highlighted by serving at a temperature which would allow other beers seem to be difficult. When harsher flavors exist in beer (most notably in those brewed in Yorkshire), they are traditionally mitigated by serving beer with a hand pump with a Sparkler, a device that mixes with air beer, some oxidation and flavor softening.

Cask beer

Beer keg is served by a hand pump or by gravity directly on the drum stillage. Other beers are sold in bottles or from carbon dioxide-valve engine. Beer keg and the beer is bottle conditioned by the champion of the Campaign for Real Ale under the name Real Ale.

Regional differences

With hop culture is characteristic of southern countries in particular Kent, south of traditional beers, such as London Pride, south of a line that can been drawn from the Bristol Channel to Laver (on the east coast of England) , Generally contain more hops than those found north of this line such as Boddingtons.

London

London, where was a porter, a dark beer, was developed. England the first large commercial breweries have emerged in London.

Burton upon Trent

See also: Brewers Burton, Burtonisation, and Burton Union

For centuries, Burton upon Trent has been involved in the brewing industry because of the quality of water (from wells, not the Trent River). This is the high proportion of salts dissolved in water, mainly caused by gypsum in the surrounding hills. Much open land inside and around the city is protected from chemical treatment to help preserve the water quality.

The city is still home to five breweries:

* Coors, a brewery from the proceeds of USA, which Carling. Coors also brew beer and Bass Stones Bitter under licence from Interbrew
* Marston, Thompson & Evershed Plc, now owned by Wolverhampton & Dudley Breweries PLC
* Burton Bridge Brewery, founded in 1982 by Geoff Mumford and Bruce Wilkinson.
* Brewery Tour, a new microbrewery
* Cottage Brewery, based in Old Cottage Inn

In addition, the Museum of Bass Brewing also continues to brew its own beer, separate from Coors.

A byproduct of the brewing industry, literally and figuratively, is the presence of the pot plant in the city. This has generated the production of Bovril. Together with the breweries that may give the region a distinctive smell.

The development of rail links to Liverpool brewers allowed to export their beer throughout the British Empire. The accidental sinking of a freighter carrying India Pale Ale (a beer brewed specifically to keep during the long sea voyage to India) gave rise to barrels being washed ashore. The popularity of these samples fortuitous led to the placing on the market within these ale, and began the gradual transformation of English drinking tastes.

Previously, the English drank mainly solid and bearer - Dark beers flavoured with roasted barley and other Guinness - but bitter (a development of pale) has come to prevail. This widely hoppy, light beer is easier to store and transport, and thus promoted the growth of large breweries.

Burton has come to dominate this profession, and its height at a quarter of all beer sold in Britain has been achieved here. Although more than 30 breweries are recorded in 1880, a process of mergers and acquisitions of companies has resulted in three major breweries remaining in 1980: Bass, Ind Coopes and Marston. Only Burton Bridge brewery remains an independent brewer today.

The reputation of beers Burton gave rise to English euphemism "Burton opted for a" sense of death - a World War II humorous suggestion that the absence of a comrade had simply choked for a beer.

The city connection with the brewing industry is celebrated by a sculpture by Burton Cooper, who is now located in the mall.

Burton upon Trent is also known in technology circles beer for the Burton Union fermentation recirculation system, now used only by Marston's Brewery (Burton all other brewers have changed for stainless steel).

Ale Conner

An FTA-Conner (sometimes aleconner) was an officer appointed by year, the courtyard of the former Leet English communities to ensure the safety and goodness of bread, beer, and beer. There were many different names for this position, which varies from one place to another: "ale-tasters," gustatores cervisiae, "ale-founders," and "Conners-ale". Ale Conners were also often confidence to ensure that the beer was sold at a fair price. Historically, four-ale Conners have been chosen each year by the town-hall of the city.

Ale Conners have sworn to "consider and determination of beer and ale, and take care that they were good and healthy, and sold at reasonable prices according to the foundation, and also to present all defaults Brewers at the next court-Leet. "

The tradition has been maintained in London in the 20th century. The Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911 reports:

In London, four-ale Conners, whose duty is to examine the measures used by beer and liquor sellers to guard against fraud, are always chosen each year by the liverymen common room assembled on Summer Solstice. Since ale and beer have become products subject to excise duty, custom to appoint ALE-tasters has in most places fallen into disuse.

The title was also used by officers chosen by the liverymen in London to discuss measures used in taverns. The title is a sinecure.

Lager

Despite the traditional English ale beer, more than half of the current English market is now blonde (Pale Lager which is the same as a German "Helles"). These light color, bottom fermented beers started to gain real popularity in England in the last part of the 20th century.

Carling (a blonde), which is owned by the American / Canadian brewing giant Molson Coors Brewing Company is the highest selling beer in England and is mainly brewed in Burton upon Trent. Meanwhile the largest brewery in Britain today, Scottish & Newcastle, which has three breweries (Manchester, Reading and Tadcaster) breaststroke Britain on the second highest sale of beer which is the Foster's lager.

Other popular lagers including Kronenbourg in England (which also belongs to Scottish & Newcastle) and Stella Artois (which belongs to the Belgian brewer InBev and England is brewed in south Wales and Samlesbury, nr Preston).

STRETTON'S LONDON DRY GIN

Since vodka has taken the reins as the most popular grain neutral spirit, we believe that the gin was a bad reputation. For many people looking for refreshing and pleasant palaces cocktails, apple pine tang of berries is the last thing on their minds when they belly up to the bar. We have to admit, even if we are guilty of falling into the gin-free category in recent years, but our avoidance of mind is mainly due to means of our friends and family who had had enough our perfume pin-belligerence when we 're a gin and tonic too deep.

So what makes us around the spirit once known as Dutch Courage? For one thing, we discovered it was originally distilled in the Netherlands as a remedy for stomach ailments, gout and gallstones, and we all take our medicines, particularly when it is suspended in alcohol. For both, we have our hands on a bottle of Stretton, London Dry, a South African spirit distilled from sugar cane. He came to us highly recommended, we decided to end our drought gin and give it a whirl.

When we unscrewed the cap we prepare for the industrial, medicinal smell we associate with gin, but he had a mellower, but still Evergreen, perfume. When we tasted, we were impressed by the smooth, without biting on the back, and it has a flavor more complex than we would have waited for the price. The label said Stretton contains coriander, juniper berries, angelica root, cassia bark and dried orange peel ... we do not know what half these things are, but there were certainly a citrusy taste to be found. In all a pleasant experience, and we could already say that it will be a worthy mid-range gin.

Drink Recipes: Insofar as we are concerned, there are only two drinks containing gin - Martini and gin and tonic. We made our extra-dry martini, with just a wave of vermouth, and it is really very tasty. Regarding the tonic, you can not really a mess ... citrusy taste of gin not mix well with tonic and lime, we've added, and we had a feeling we could get ourselves a lot of problems if we were constantly a bottle of Stretton drag.

Another drink we never wanted but was Tom Collins, and a bottle of Stretton gave us a great excuse. We found a recipe and stirred a lot, and we can see why people like these guys enough that they have their own name glass.
Tom Collins recipe
2 oz gin
1 oz lemon juice
1 C. Tea superfine sugar
3 oz Club Soda
1 maraschino cherry
1 slice orange
In a shaker half filled with ice cubes, combine the gin, lemon juice and sugar. Shake well. Strain into a Collins glass almost filled with ice cubes. Add the Club Soda. Stir and garnish with cherry and orange slice.

AUSTRALIAN BEER

HISTORY

The history of the Australian beer begins very early in Australia by colonial history. Captain Cook beer with him on his ship Endeavour as a means to preserve drinking water. On August 1, 1768 that Captain Cook was the refurbishment of the Endeavour on his journey, Nathaniel Hulme wrote to Joseph Banks to recommend that it will take --

"a quantity of molasses and turpentine to brew beer for your drink everyday, when your water is bad.… [B] rewing beer sea will be particularly useful in cases where you should have stinking water on board, because I find from experience that the stench of water will be completely destroyed by the fermentation process. "

-- Letter to Joseph Banks 1768

The beer is always consumed on board 2 years later, in 1770, when Cook was the first European to discover the east coast of Australia.

Although beer is now the most popular alcoholic drinks in Australia, this was not always the case. The drink of choice for early settlers and convicted east rum --

Cut yer base name through me
Stretch me through the skin of the drum yer
Iron me on the island of Pinchgut
From now on Kingdom Come.
I'll eat yer Norfolk Dumpling
As a Spanish juicy plum,
Even dance Newgate Hornpipe
If ye'll only gimme Rum!
Sentenced traditional song.

The rum is so popular, and the official currency in such a short supply, for a time it became a semi-official currency (see Rum body) and even led to a short-lived military coup, rebellion Rum in 1808.

Drunkenness is a huge problem in the early colony.

"Drunkenness is a vice prevails. Even children should be seen in the streets drunk. On Sunday, men and women could be seen standing around the house-public doors, pending the end of the duration of public worship, to continue their carousing. Regarding the status of the prison population, which in fact is indescribable. Notwithstanding the penalties for breaking grog sale cunning, it was conducted wide-ranging measure. Men and women were found drunk together, and a bottle of brandy was seen as cheap bought for 20 lashes ... All that the vile and most bestial of man could invent creatures and practise in this unfortunate country has devised and put into practice without restraint and without shame "

-- Marcus Clarke - for the duration of his natural life, 1867

As a way to reduce drunkenness, beer was promoted as a safer and healthier alternative to rum.

"The introduction of beer in general among people undoubtedly reduce the consumption of spirituous liquors. I therefore in line with your suggestion taken steps to recover the colony with a supply of ten tons Porter, six sacks hops, and two complete sets of equipment brewery. "

-- Lord Hobart in a letter to Governor Philip King, August 29, 1802

The first (official) brewer in Australia was John Boston who drink brewed corn Indian bittered cape gooseberry leaves. It is likely that if the beer was brewed by unofficially much earlier. The first pub, Mason weapons has been opened in 1796 in Parramatta by James Larra released a convict.

It is interesting to note here that although the Australian beer is now mainly lager at the beginning of the Australian beer was exclusively Ale. Lager was not brewed in Australia until 1885. Launch of beers are also without the benefit of hops that nobody had successfully cultivated in Australia and import has been difficult. James Squire was the first to cultivate hops successfully in 1804. The Government Gazette of 1806 says he received a cow herd government for its efforts. Squire has also opened a pub and beer brewed if an epitaph on a tombstone in the cemetery Parramatta casts doubt on the quality of the product --

You who are here want to
DRINK SQUIRE beer!

In September 1804 a government brewery opened its doors in Parramatta followed by a private competitor brewery 3 months later. The government brewery was sold 2 years later to Thomas Rushton who was his chief brewer. The brewery Parramatta remains the only government-term brewery never operated in Australia. Brasserie rapidly expanded in all Australian colonies. In 1871, there were 126 breweries in Victoria alone, which at that time had a population of only 800000.

Some events of this period include --

* 1824 - Peter DeGraves begins Cascade brewery in Tasmania. The brewery is still active and Australia is the oldest surviving brewery.
* 1835 - Dent brewery is based in Sydney
* 1836 - John Warren South Australia begins the first brewery
* 1837 - James Stokes Western Australia establishes the first brewery. It later became EMU brewery.
* 1838 - Mr. Moss established the first brewery in Melbourne.
* 1862 - Thomas Cooper establishes Coopers Brewery. The brewery is still operated by the Cooper family and Australia is the largest independent brewery.
* 1864 - Carlton brewery opens in Melbourne
* 1885 - Gambrinus brewery in Melbourne is the first brewery in Australia for brewing Lager.
* 1887 - The brothers encourages arriving from New York with refrigeration equipment and establish the first brewery to use Lager refrigeration in Australia.
* 1889 - Lager was first brewed in Queensland and the Castlemaine Quinlan brewery.

In 1900, the number of breweries began to decline as a result of the recession years of 1890. In 1901, just after the Federation, the new federal government has adopted beer and excise act. This law regulates the manufacture and sale of beer and made homebrewing illegal. The provisions of this Act, considered by many as draconian, lead to the closure of many breweries. 16 Sydney 21 breweries, is closed immediately after the introduction of acts or shortly thereafter. Other breweries have begun a process of consolidation with larger breweries purchase smaller. In a short period of time, there were only 2 other breweries in Sydney - Tooths and Tooheys. At Melbourne, 5 breweries have merged in 1907 to form the giant Carlton and United Breweries.

This process continues today with only two companies - Lion Nathan and Foster's Group owns every major brewery in Australia, with the exception of Coopers which is still family Boag has recently been sold to Lion Nathan, who previously belonged San Miguel.

VODKA

Vodka is one of the world's most popular beverage distilled. It is a clear liquid containing purified water and ethanol by distillation - often multiple distillation - a fermented substance such as potatoes, grains (usually rye or wheat) or molasses sugar beet, and a negligible amount of other substances such as flavourings or not impurities.

Vodka is generally alcohol content of 35% to 50% in volume. The classic Polish, Lithuanian and Russian vodka is 40% (80 proof). This can be attributed to Russian standards for vodka production introduced in 1894 by Alexander III.According to the Vodka Museum in Moscow, Dmitri Mendeleyev, a Russian chemist, has found the perfect percentage to 38. However, since spirits in his time were taxed on their strength, the percentage was rounded down to 40 to simplify the tax calculation. At least stronger than the latter, drunk Vodka pure (without ice and not mixed with other liquids) can taste "liquid" over the force, the taste of vodka can have more "burn". Some governments have set a minimum alcohol content of a mind to be called "Vodka." For example, the European Union sets a minimum of 37.5% alcohol by volume.

Although vodka is always drunk in the pure Eastern Europe and the Nordic countries of the "belt of vodka, his popularity also owes much to its usefulness in cocktails and other mixed drinks, such as Bloody Mary, the screwdriver, vodka tonic, vodka martini, and, more recently, vodka Red Bull.

GORDON GIN

Gordon's is a brand of gin product in the United Kingdom and under license in New Zealand and several other former British territories, with key markets for Gordon Great Britain, USA, Greece and the Africa. It is owned by multi-national alcohol company Diageo Plc.

It was developed in London in 1769 by a Scot, Gordon Alexander, who opened a distillery Clerkenwell. The London Dry Gin he developed proved extremely fruitful, and its recipe remains unchanged to this day. Triple-distilled gin contains juniper, coriander seeds, angelica root and other plants.

The recipe for Gordon's is known to only 12 people worldwide and has been kept secret for 200 years.

In the United Kingdom, Gordon's is sold in a green glass bottle, in all other markets, it is sold in a bottle that is sometimes made of plastic, depending on the size, furthermore, one is able to 'Gordon to obtain higher worth in the United Kingdom are available in other markets. The wording has changed over the years, in the years 1950, it was much higher Evidence.

In addition to the main product line, Gordon is also producing a sloe gin, an aromatic gin known as Distiller's Cut, a vodka alcopop two alternatives, space and Spark, and a canned, pre-mixed and gin tonic.

In addition, the following products:

* Tom Gordon special Old Gin
* Cocktail Shaker (pre-mixed) Piccadilly, Perfect, Fifty-Fifty, Dry Martini, Martini, Bronx and Manhattan
* Old beautiful Jamaica rum
* Orange Bitters (made from Seville oranges)
* Orange Gin
* Lemon Gin

cultural references

It is presented in the James Bond book and film Casino Royale, under the Vesper.

"Gordon's Gin" is the title of a song on the League's second album, Travelogue. The track is an instrumental based directly on the music used in Gordon's film and television advertising campaigns at the time.

The Paul Butterfield Blues Band refers to the drink in their version of "Drunk Again": "Well, I'm still drunk / I drank Gin Gordon."

The artists Gilbert and George have been inspired by and produced several works of art around Gordon's Gin. The first is a short film entitled "Gordon's makes us alcohol."

In John Huston The African Queen (1951), Gordon was the brand of choice for Charlie Allnut, the hard-drinking boat captain, played by Humphrey Bogart. The Gordon's label is clearly visible in a pivotal scene where Katharine Hepburn tee-a total of character, Rose Sayer, throwing crates of drink in the river. The emergence of Gordon's Gin in The African Queen is often cited as one of the earliest examples of movie product placement.

The head of wild boar on the Gordon's Gin label has been the official insignia of the Red Rippers U.S. Navy fighter squadron since 1930. Permission to use the official boar head by the Rippers was granted by President Gordon in 1956.

SMIRNOFF

Smirnoff is a brand of vodka now owned and produced by the British drinks giant Diageo. The products under the brand Smirnoff, which started with a vodka distillery founded in Moscow by Arsenieyevich Piotr Smirnov, is now distributed in 130 countries and includes vodka and flavored malt beverages. The Smirnoff vodka is both the best selling vodka and the best selling high-value distilled spirit in the World March of 2006.

Summary

HISTORY

Piotr Smirnov founded his vodka distillery in Moscow in the years 1860, under the name of the AP Smirnoff. He died in 1910 and was replaced by Vladimir Smirnov. The company has thrived and produced more than 4 million cases of vodka a year.

During the October Revolution, the distillery was confiscated and the family had to flee. Vladimir Smirnov re-established the factory in 1920 in Istanbul. Four years later, he moved to Lwów (formerly Poland, now Lviv, Ukraine) and began selling vodka under the french contemporary spelling of name, "Smirnoff." The new product was a success and, at the end of 1930 he was exported to most European countries. Another distillery was founded in Paris in 1925.

In the 1930 met Vladimir Rudolph Kunett, a Russian who had emigrated to America in 1920. The Kunett family had been a supplier of spirits Smirnoff Moscow before the revolution. In 1933, Vladimir Kunett sold the right to begin producing Smirnoff vodka in North America. However, business in America was not as successful as had been hoped Kunett. In 1938 Kunett can not afford to pay for licenses for sales and has made contact with Mr. John Martin, president of Heublein, which has agreed to buy the rights to Smirnoff.

Thanks to the introduction of vodka and cocktails success of advertising campaigns, Smirnoff won popularity in the USA and internationally.

Since the 1990

During the 1990 one of Piotr Smirnov descent began to produce Smirnov (Смирновъ Ukraine) vodka in Ukraine, which claims to be "the only real Smirnov." After a number of trials Smirnoff return successfully claimed the mark, while Diageo in 2006 linked in a joint venture deal Смирновъ the company.

The Smirnoff Company has the right to appoint the Smirnoff Music Centre, an amphitheater concert in Dallas, Texas. They also sponsor the Smirnoff Underbelly, an important place at the Edinburgh Fringe.

At the end of 1990 Smirnoff presented a series of new products in the United Kingdom and later, Europe and the North American market, which quickly became popular among young people, particularly within the club scene ( See "Alcopops").

There are two different products by the name of Smirnoff Ice. One, sold the USA and France, is a citrus-flavoured malt beverages (5.5% ABV) with variations on "Original" and "Triple Black." The other, sold in Europe (excluding France), Latin America, Australia and Canada, is a pre-drink vodka. He also variations in "Original" and "Black Ice" (or, in some markets, "Triple Black" or "double black"), ranging from 5% to 7% ABV on different markets.

Smirnoff Ice Twisted is a spin-off of the American Smirnoff Ice which included flavors such as Mandarin Orange and Green Apple. The confusion between the mark Twist Smirnoff Vodka Smirnoff Twisted and malt beverages led to the decision to drop the "Twisted" line filled with Smirnoff Ice. Current flavors of water, Wild Grape, Grenada Fusion, Arctic Berry (Blueberry), Green Apple Bite raspberry and burst.

The next line of Smirnoff malt beverages to hit the shelves was their "Raw Tea" in flavors such as fishing and raspberry. This line of products has been on the market and more particularly with the "Tea Partay" music video and a website. It is similar to the Twisted Tea brand.

The new product is Smirnoff Smirnoff Source, an ultra-premium beer other established with alcohol and water source published in May 2007. It is fragrant and slightly citrus Gas with 3.5% vol.

A range of fruit flavoured vodkas with the "Twist" moniker attached on the end of this name have also been established. Flavors include apple green, orange, cranberries, raspberries, citrus (lemon), vanilla, strawberry, black cherry, water, lime and, more recently, blueberries.

Smirnoff test the United Kingdom and Canada during 2004, a new mixture of vodka Smirnoff Penka law. From marketing and distribution was handled by the reserve brands Diageo plc. From 2007 Penka continues to be available in the UK.

EVAN WILLIAMS

Evan Williams is a brand of bourbon whiskey that is bottled in Bardstown, Kentucky for the installation Heaven Hill. It is aged a minimum of seven years and is sold for a relatively modest price.

Most Evan Williams bourbon is sold as mass market "Black Label" variety. Evan Williams also bottles 1783-Evan Williams bourbon ten years and more limited quantities and a highly rated, ten years single barrel bourbon sold in bottles sealed with black wax.

Evan Williams is the second largest selling bourbon Kentucky law. Evan Williams, founder of distillation began in 1783, near Louisville, Kentucky. Evan Williams is at 43% alc / theft (86 proof) unlike some popular whiskies that are 40% alc / theft (80 proof).

Variety

* Evan Williams Black Label
* Evan Williams Blue Label (Not available in USA)
* Evan Williams green label
* Evan Williams Red Label (Not available in USA)
* Evan Williams 1783
* Evan Williams Single Barrel vintage
* Evan Williams white label
* Evan Williams Egg Nog